近日，浙江大学和瑞士联邦水生科学技术研究所（Eawag）团队在国际权威期刊《Environmental Science & Technology》上发表了题为“Bacterium-Phage Interactions Enhance Biofilm Resilience during Membrane Filtration Biofouling under Oxidative and Hydraulic Stresses”的研究论文(DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5c00490)，探究了细菌-噬菌体相互作用对氧化反冲洗和水力双重胁迫的响应特征及机制，使用多组学方法，包括宏基因组、宏转录组以及病毒组学研究了不同氧化应激情况下微生物相互作用的适应性反应及其对生物污损发展的生态贡献。这些发现扩展了对膜表面微生物相互作用的认识，并为环境系统中的生物膜管理提供了新的视角。 膜表面的微生物相互作用会促进生物膜的形成和生物污染，这对压力驱动的膜过滤系统构成了重大挑战。这项多组学研究揭示了氧化应激、细菌群落和噬菌体群落之间的三方相互作用，强调了细菌-噬菌体共生在膜生物污染发展过程中的重要性。本研究通过调查超滤膜氧化反冲洗过程中细菌-噬菌体互作的适应性反应，发现氧化和水力胁迫通过具有广泛生态位和高网络中心性的细菌属来塑造微生物组成，而噬菌体对这些关键宿主表现出适应性偏好，并以互利共生的模式强化了微生物群体的抗逆性。这些发现强调了噬菌体对微生物组结构和功能的关键作用以及避免次优氯剂量加剧生物污染的重要性。 微生物相互作用会显著影响生物膜的结构和功能，从而进一步影响生物污染的发展和持久性。近年来多项研究表明，次氯酸钠可能会加剧膜生物污染，但这种现象的潜在微生态机制仍然知之甚少。本研究系统探究了不同水力与氧化胁迫下，膜生物污染过程中细菌-噬菌体相互作用的动态变化以及噬菌体的生态作用，为膜生物污染过程中微生物的适应机制提供了新的见解，并为创新性生物污染控制策略奠定了基础。 微生物群落多样性与病毒生活方式 Fig. 1. (A1) α-Diversity (Shannon Index) of the prokaryotic community. (A2, A3) β-Diversity of the prokaryotic community. (B1) α-Diversity (Shannon Index) of the viral community. (B2, B3) β-Diversity of the viral community. (C) Explanatory contribution of membrane fouling development stages (TMP) and backwash chemical concentration (Conc.) to community structural changes. (D) Distribution of polyvalent viruses. (E) Proportions of lysogenic viruses in the viral community. 氧化反冲洗和水力胁迫塑造了细菌和噬菌体群落的组成。 Fig. 2. (A) Prokaryote-phage interactions identified through CRISPR spacer analysis, tRNA matching, and genomic homology comparisons. (B) Connections between predicted phage hosts and prevalent prokaryotic genera in activated sludge. The light gray, medium gray, dark gray bars represent that the dominant host genus matched with the bacteria of the top 15 relative abundance, top 15 node’s degree (i.e., the count of edges connected to nodes), and top 15 niche breadth analyzed by foulant metagenomic data. 在氧化反冲洗条件下，噬菌体对具有较高网络中心性的细菌宿主表现出适应性偏好。 膜污染层EPS组成和微生物响应特征 Fig. 3. (A) Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity in foulants from each sample group. (B) Concentrations of AHL in foulants from each sample group. (C) Concentrations of PS and PN in the extracted EPS along with the PS/PN ratio, for each sample group (t-test, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05). (D) HGT frequencies in foulants from each sample group. (E) Molecular ecological network analysis of foulants across sample groups. 氧化反冲洗塑造了EPS组成，并引发了不同的微生物适应性调整。 
Fig. 4. (A - D) Transcriptional regulation of genes related to energy metabolism (A), reactive oxygen species (B), quorum sensing (C), and EPS biosynthesis (D) in the metatranscriptome, relative to the CK-S1 group. In each pair of bars, the left bar corresponds to S1, and the right bar corresponds to S2. (E - F) Top 30 enriched KEGG orthology (KO) pathways of up-regulated genes from CK to LT (E) and LT to HT (F). The number of enriched genes in each pathway is represented by the diameter of a circle, and the Q value is represented by the color depth (dark blue bright yellow). “Gene ratio” represents the proportion of significantly enriched genes relative to the total genes in the KEGG pathway. 转录组分析通过调查基因表达水平的调控验证了微生物的适应性。 Fig. 5. (A) Heatmap shows the classification of AMG in KEGG level 3 pathways and their relative abundance. Lollipop Chart illustrates the lysogenic ratio of viral contigs carrying specific class of AMGs and the occurred number of viral contigs. “Occurred number of contigs” means the number of contigs carrying a certain class of AMGs. (B) Genome maps of four representative phage contigs containing AMGs (left) and their transcriptional activity profiles (right). (C) Predicted protein structures of the selected AMGs, highlighting their functional annotations and structural features. 噬菌体编码的辅助代谢基因增强了微生物对抗氧化反冲洗的能力。 氧化反洗和水力胁迫通过筛选具有广泛生态位和高网络中心性的细菌属来塑造微生物组成，而噬菌体对这些关键宿主表现出适应性偏好。微生物对氧化应激的适应性反应，包括抗氧化酶活升高、QS信号增强和EPS产量增加，共同支持了微生物抗逆性和生物膜稳定性。因此，在评估生物膜相关问题（如生物污损和微生物引起的腐蚀）的发展和风险时，应考虑微生物相互作用及其对环境压力的反应。通过针对关键的微生物相互作用，可以开发出创新的生物污染控制策略，减少化学物质的使用，并延长水处理系统中的膜寿命。 俞萍锋，浙江大学环境与资源学院“百人计划”研究员，博士生导师。主要研究方向为微生物资源化与风险控制，具体研究内容包括:（1）水处理与回用中生物膜的形成机制与调控技术；（2）噬菌体的生态影响与环境应用；（3）微生物耐药性的环境传播与控制技术。相关成果发表在Environmental Science & Technology，Microbiome和ISME等环境与生态领域知名期刊。 备注： Permissions for reuse of all Figures have been obtained from the original publisher. © 2025 American Chemical SocietyLin, Z., Ruan, C., Xia, R., Liao, J., Zhu, L., Wang, D., Alvarez, P. J. J., & Yu, P. Bacterium-Phage Interactions Enhance Biofilm Resilience during Membrane Filtration Biofouling under Oxidative and Hydraulic Stresses. Environmental Science & Technology, 2025
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c00490
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